Therithal - Important questions with answers: 11 th Std Class Botany

Wednesday 30 March 2016

11 th Std Class Botany - Importance questions with Answer Key

11 th Std Class Botany - Importance questions with Answer Key

UNIT I. BIODIVERSITY

UNIT II. CELL BIOLOGY

UNIT III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY

UNIT IV. GENETICS

GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation -- - Download - Key Answer
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance -- - Download - Key Answer
Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance) -- - Download - Key Answer
Epistasis - Gene Interaction -- - Download - Key Answer
Inheritance Laws of Mendel -- - Download - Key Answer
Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments on Mendel's Laws of Inheritance -- - Download - Key Answer

UNIT V. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT VI. REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY

UNIT VII. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

UNIT I. BIODIVERSITY

Two Marks

Define biodiversity.

What are the aims of classification?

Define Taxonomy.

Define species.

Write the hierarchy of the units of classification.

Define phylogeny.

Give any two reasons why phylogenetic classification is not always possible?

What is meant by phylogenetic classification?

What is meant by artificial system of classification? Give example.

What are Archaebacteria?

Name the three domains according to the modern classification proposed by C.Woese, O.Kandler and M.C.Wheelis.

Define systematics.

Five Marks

List the differences between plants and animals.

How do you justify a separate kingdom status for fungi.

What are the difficulties encountered in classifying Euglena?

Ten Marks

Discuss the Five kingdom system of classification. List it’s merits and demerits.

Discuss the Two kingdom system of classification. List it’s merits and demerits.

Two Marks

Justify: Viruses are biologists’ puzzle.

Define: virus

List any two living characteristics of virus.

List any two non-living characteristics of virus.

Viruses can undergo mutation. What does this signify?

Viruses can be crystallized. What does this signify?

What are the three main symmetry of viruses?

What is the principle used in sedimentation by ultra centrifugation method of measuring the size of a virus?

What are enveloped viruses?

Define nucleocapsid.

11. Name any two plant diseases / animal diseases/human diseases caused by viruses?

Define virion/ viroid/ prion

What are oncogenic viruses?

What are interferons?

Five Marks

Discuss the methods that are used to measure the size of a virus?

What is meant by biological control? Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

Write a note on: Significance of viruses.

1. Distinquish lytic cycle of a phage from lysogenic cycle .

2. Write an essay on the cause, symptoms and prevention of AIDS /SARS

Two Marks

What are commensals?

What are Gram-Positive bacteria?

What are Gram-Negative bacteria?

What are Chemoautotrophs?

What is transduction/ transformation.

Name any four plant diseases / human diseases caused by bacteria?

Give reason: Bacteria are also known as nature’s scavengers.

Name some antibiotics obtained from bacteria

Five Marks

Describe the various steps in Gram’s staining procedure?

What are the different shapes found in bacteria? Give examples.

Describe the various types of flagellation found in bacteria.

Discuss the role of bacteria in industry?

Discuss the role of bacteria in soil fertility.

Ten Marks

Write an essay on sexual reproduction in bacteria.

Discuss the economic importance of bacteria.

Write an essay on nutrition in bactera.

Two Marks

What is a coenocytic mycelium?

What is meant by septate hypha?

Distinguish obligate parasite from facultative parasites.

What are haustoria?

What are mycorrhizae?

Name some fungal diseases of plants.

Name some edible fungi.

Justify the statement by Pasteur: “Without fungi even death will be incomplete”

Which fungus is called hallucinogenic fungus and why?

Five Marks

Write about the symbiotic mode of nutrition as seen in fungi.

Give the salient features of the subdivision Ascomycotina / Basidiomycotina / Zygomycotina

Ten Marks

Write an essay on the mode of nutrition in fungi.

Give a concise account on the economic importance of fungi.

Two Marks

Describe the mycelium of Mucor.

What is coenocytic condition?

What is columella? Where it can be seen?

How azygospores are produced?

Five Marks

Briefly describe the process of production of zygospore.

Give an account of asexual reproduction in Mucor.

Briefly write about Chlamydospores.

Describe the somatic structure of Mucor.

Ten Marks

Write briefly about the sexual reproduction in Mucor.

Trace the life cycle of Mucor with properly labelled diagrams.

Describe the process of homothallism and heterothallism.

Two Marks

Define: thallus

What is a Lichen?

Name the three types of photosynthetic pigments found in algae?

Differentiate a whiplash flagellum from a tinsel flagellum.

What are pyrenoids?

Differentiate isokont from heterokont type of flagella?

Define isogamy / heterogamy/ anisogamy/ oogamy.

What is agar-agar?

What is diatomite?

Write any two uses of diatomite.

How are the algae used in space travel?

What is SCP?

How are algae used in sewage disposal?

What is algal bloom. How does it affect the lakes?

Algae are not associated with diseases unlike many fungi and bacteria. What is the reason for this?

Five Marks

What is eutrophication? What is it’s significance?

Write notes on: Nutrition and reserved food materials in algae.

Write about the pigmentation in algae.

Ten Marks

Write an essay on the economic importance of algae.

Write an essay on reproduction in algae.

Two Marks

Define conjugation.

What are common names of Spirogyra.

Briefly explain the nature of cell wall in Spirogyra.

Define aplanogametes.

Five Marks

Differentiate zygospore from azygospore.

What is parthnegenesis?

Give a brief out line of scalariform conjugation with proper example.

Describe the external structure of Spirogyra.

Ten Marks

Describe the two types of sexual reproduction seen in Spirogyra.

Give an account of the habitat and structure of Spirogyra.

Describe the Life Cycle of Spirogyra.

Two Marks

1. Give reasons: Bryophytes are called the amphibians of plant kingdom.

2. Name the three main classes of Bryophyta.

3. What is peat?

4. How is Sphagnum used in nursery?

Ten Marks

5. Discuss the problems associated with the transition from an aquatic environment to terrestrial habitat.

6. Discuss the classification of Bryophyta.

Two Marks

1. Where can we come across Riccia?

2. Which plant is known as the amphibian of plant kingdom? Why it is called so?

3. Give a brief account of the kinds of Rhizoids of Riccia thallus.

4. Where the air canals are seen? Mention the role played by them.

5. How vegetative reproduction is taking place in Riccia (give an out-line).

Five Marks

6. Describe the external structure of Riccia thallus.

7. Describe vegetative reproduction in Riccia.

8. Give an account of the internal structure of the thallus.

9. Give a brief account of the structure of a mature archegonium and the process of fertilization.

10. Write about the sporophyte of Riccia in detail.

Ten Marks

11. Write an essay on the internal and external features of Riccia.

12. Describe the structure of sex organs of Riccia with suitable diagrams.

13. Give an account of the types of reproduction that you can come across in

Riccia.

14. Trace the life cycle of Riccia with suitable diagrams and illustrations.

15. What do you mean by heteromorphic alternation of generations? Explain this phenomenon with any one of the forms studied by you.

Two Marks

1. What is meant by Tracheophyta?

2. Justify: the vascular tissue of pteridophyte is primitive when compared with flowering plants.

3. What are the functions of vascular tissue?

4. What are the advantages of seed development in Phaenerogams?

5. Name any two economically important products of Pteridophytes.

Five Marks

6.What are the salient features of Pteridophytes?

7. What is heterospory? What is it’s significance?

Ten Marks

1. List the strategies that the plants had to develop in order to survive on land.

Two Marks

1. What is meant by diarch vascular cylinder?

2. What is meant by exarch vascular cylinder?

3. What is meant by meristele?

Five Marks

4. Draw the diagram of the sporangium of Nephrolepis.

5. Describe the structure of antheridium.

6. Describe the structure of archegonium.

7. Explain what is meant by alternation of generation.

Ten Marks

8. Describe the structure of prothallus.

9. Describe the lifecycle of Nephrolepis.

10. Describe the transverse section of rhizome.

11. Describe the transverse section of rhizome.

Describe how a new sporophyte emerges from zygote.

Two Marks

1. Name the three important developments that have been made by the seed plants.

2. Define heterospory.

3. Justify the statement: a seed is a complex structure containing cells from three generations.

1. Why do we call the seeds of gymnosperms as naked?

2. Name the two classes of Gymnospermae.

Five Marks

3. Discuss the advantages associated with seed habit.

4. List the differences between Gymnospermae and Angiospermae.

5. Write the salient features of Gymnosperms.

Write about the economic importance of gymnosperms.

Two marks

1. What is transfusion tissue?

2. What is meant by manoxylic wood?

3. What is meant by bulbil?

4. What is dioecious condition?

Five marks

5. Describe the external structure of a microsporophyll.

6. Describe the L.S. of male cone.

7. Describe the structure of a pollen grain.

8. Brief the economic importance of cycas.

9. Describe the L.S. of seed.

Ten marks

10. Describe the T.S. of corralloid root.

11. Describe the T.S. of leaflet.

12. Describe the internal structure of stem.

13. Describe the internal structure of microsporophyll.

Describe the structure of ovule?

UNIT II. CELL BIOLOGY

Two Marks

1. Define:Cell cycle

2. What is meant by cell differentiation.

3. Explain the statement: “form follows function”

4. What is PCD?

Ten Marks

Tabulate the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.

Two Marks

1. Name the steps involved in scientific methodology.

2. State the cell theory as proposed by Schleiden and Schwann

3. Name any two exceptions to cell theory.

Five Marks

4. State the important features of cell doctrine.

Ten Marks

5. Describe the development of cell theory.

Two Marks

1. What is meant by incipient nucleus.

2. What are the uses of plasmid?

3. Distinguish a prokaryotic cell form a eukaryotic cell.

Five Marks

1. Describe the ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell.

Ten Marks

1. Tabulate the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Two Marks

1. Define:resolving power of a microscope

Ten Marks

1. Explain the structure and principle used in light microscope.

2. Explain the structure and principle used in Transmission electron microscope.

Two Marks

1. Name the three important components of a typical plant cell wall.

2. What is middle lamella?

3. What is meant by growth by intussusception?

4. What are micellae?

5. Name the two continuous interpenetrating systems found in secondary wall.

6. What is a pit membrane?

7. What are bordered pits?

8. Define:symplast.

9. What is desmotubule?

Five Marks

10. What is plasmodesmata? Explain

11. What are pits? Explain their types.

12. Discuss the functions of cell wall.

Ten Marks

1. Describe the fine structure of cell wall.

Two Marks

1. Define: Biological membrane.

2. What are amphipathic molecules?

3. What are extrinsic proteins?

4. What are intrinsic proteins?

5. Define: semi-permeable membrane.

6. Define: Passive transport/Active transport

7. Define: Diffusion/Osmosis

8. Name any two factors on which permeability of a membrane depends on.

9. What is the role of osmosis in plants?

10. What is meant by facilitated transport?

11. Distinguish uniport transport method from passive diffusion.

12. Define: Phagocytosis/Pinocytosis/exocytosis

Five Marks

1. List the functions of plasma membrane.

2. Define diffusion. Discuss the various factors that affect the rate of diffusion.

3. Describe Uniporter Catalyzed transport.

4. Describe active transport of substances across the membranes.

Ten Marks

5. Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane.

Two Marks

1. What are the main functions of a nucleus?

2. Give reasons: Mitochondria are semi autonomous organelles.

3. Name the three kinds of plastids.

4. Name any two common properties shared by chloroplasts and mitochondria.

5. What is a polysome?

6. Distinguish the ribosomes of prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells.

Five Marks

7. Draw a plant cell and label it’s parts.

Explain the ultrastructure of chloroplast.

Two Marks

1. Define crossing over.

2. What is a tetrad?

3. What is a bivalent?

Five Marks

4. Explain cell cycle

5. Write notes on: significance of mitosis/significance of meiosis

Ten Marks

6. Describe mitosis. Add a note on it’s significane.

Explain the various stages of I meiosis/II meiosis

UNIT III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY

Two Marks

1. What is meant by exogenous / endogenous origin?

2. Name any two vegetative organs/ reproductive organs of a flowering plant.

3.Write any two characteristic features of root/ shoot.

4. Define: adventitious roots/ root cap/ meristematic zone/ pulvinus/ bud

5. What is an epiphyllous bud?

6.What are the advantages of rhizome?

7.What are pneumatophores?

Five Marks

8. Describe the parts of a typical root.

9. Describe the two types of root system with suitable examples.

10. Write about the functions of roots?

11. Describe phyllode/ phylloclade

12. Describe the pitcher plant.

13. Distinguish a simple leaf from a compound leaf.

Ten Marks

14. Describe the modifications of Tap root system/ adventitious root system/ stem/ leaf.

15. Describe the various types of venation/ phyllotaxy

Two marks

1. Define : Ligulate floret / Hypanthodium / Corymb / Involucre / Umbellet

Five Marks

2. Describe the different types of mixed inflorescence with examples

3. Give an account of head inflorescence

4. Classify cymose inflorescence and explain any two of them.

5. Give an account of special types of inflorescence.

Ten Marks

6. Give an outline classifications of racemose types of inflorescence.

7. Write an essay on the various types of racemose inflorescence?

8. Describe the various types of cymose inflorescence.

Two Marks

1. What are monoecious plants?

2. Define aestivation.

3. What is a bisexual flower?

4. What is a zygomorphic flower? Give Example.

5. Distinguish between monothecous and dithecous anthers.

6. What is meant by monadelphous stamens?

7. Distinguish between apocarpous and syncarpous ovary.

8. Define fruit.

9. What are the three groups of fruits?

10. Define simple fruit.

11. What are dry dehiscent fruits?

12. What are the two processes necessary for the development of fruits?

13. Define aggregate fruits.

14. What is legume? Give an example.

15. How does a fleshy fruit differ from a dry fruit?

Five Marks

16. Explain the hypogynous and epigynous flowers with examples.

17. Explain different types of calyx.

18. How the symmetry of a flower is determined? Briefly describe different types of symmetry seen in flower.

19. Describe aggregate fruit with a suitable example.

20. Describe multiple fruit with a suitable example.

21. Bring out the essential difference in the structure of a dicot and monocot seed by means of labelled diagrams only.

Ten Marks

1. Explain the different types of placentation with example.

2. Given an account of different types of aestivation with example.

3. Describe the essential organs of a flower.

4. Explain different types of fleshy fruits with suitable examples.

5. Describe dry dehiscent fruits with suitable examples.

6. Describe the structure of Maize grain with the help of diagram. How does it differ from a Cicer seed?

UNIT IV. GENETICS

Two marks

1. Define Heredity / Variation / Homunculus / Parthenogenesis / Pangenes

Five Marks

2. Explain the significance of variation

3. Give the early views of heredity

4. What are basic features of inheritance

Ten Marks

5. Write an essay on the different types of variations

Two Marks

1. Name the three scientists who rediscovered Mendel's work

2. Define true breeding / Monohybrid test cross / Back cross / Alleles / Law of purity of gametes / Dihybrid test cross.

Five Marks

3. Write short notes on the Life History of Mendel.

4. Explain the reasons for Mendel's success.

5. Describe the Monohybrid cross.

Ten Marks

6. Write an essay on Mendel's Dihybrid cross.

Give an account of the Laws of Mendel.

Two Marks

1. Define : Exon / Intron / Splicing / Codon

Five Marks

2. Explain the molecular structure of a gene

3. Give an account of the postulates of the chromosome theory of inheritance

Ten Marks

4. List the important feature of the gene concept.

5. Draw a parallel between Mendel's factors and chromosomes and explain the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

Two Marks

1. Define : Incomplete dominance

Five Marks

2. Why is intermediate dominance also called blending inheritance?

Ten Marks

Explain intermediate inheritance in the 4' 0' clock plant.

Two Marks

1. Define : Gene interaction / Epistasis / Duplicate factors

Five Marks

1. Explain Duplicate recessive epistasis.

2. Describe the Inheritance of glume colour in Sorghum.

3. What is the duplicate factor in rice.

4. Explain dominant recessive epistasis in the inheritance of leaf colour in rice.

5. Explain inheritance of fruit colour in Cucurbita pepo.

6. Differentiate between dominance and epistasis.

Ten Marks

Write an essay on the various epistatic gene interactions you have studied.

UNIT V. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Two Marks

1. Define: Tyndall effect / Brownian movement / Imbibition / Diffusion / DPD / Osmosis / Hypertonic solution / Hypotonic solution / Isotonic solution / Plasmolysis / Osmotic pressure / Turgor pressure / Wall pressure / Water potential / Permeability.

Five Marks

1. Why is the cell called a physiological unit?

2. Explain the physical nature of protoplasm.

3. Describe the properties of protoplasm.

4. Explain the components of water potential.

5. Explain plasmolysis and bring out its significance.

6. Differentiate between DPD and water potential.

Ten Marks

1. Explain osmosis with an experiment.

Write an essay on the physical nature and properties of protoplasm.

Two Marks

1. Define : Stomata / Transpiration / Starch - sugar interconversion.

2. Define : Root pressure / Transpiration pull / Cohesion / Vital theories.

Five Marks

1. Explain the mechanism of stomatal opening and closing.

2. Describe the Proton - potassium pump hypothesis.

3. Demonstrate root pressure with the help of an experiment.

4. Give an experiment to demonstrate cohesion - tension theory.

5. Explain the objections to the root pressure theory.

6. Give an account of the inherent properties of the leaf which affect the rate of transpiration.

Ten Marks

1. Written an essay on the theories explaining mechanism of stomatal movement.

2. Give an account of the factors influencing stomatal movement.

3. Explain the postulates of the cohesion - tension theory. Add a note on the objections and explanation.

4. List and explain the factors affecting transpiration.

Give an account of the various theories explaining the ascent of sap.

Two Marks

1. Define Hydroponics/Exanthema/Reclamation

Five Marks

1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Hydroponics.

2. Describe the technique of hydroponics with a diagram.

3. Describe the criteria for essentiality of an element.

4. Explain the role and deficiency symptoms of any three macronutrients.

5. Describe the deficiency symptoms of copper, boron and molybdenum.

Ten Marks

Write an essay on the role and deficiency of macro and micronutrients.

Two Marks

1. Define Translocation of solutes/Ammonification/Denitrification/Donnan equilibrium.

Five Marks

1. Explain Munch’s mass flow hypothesis.

2. Explain the theories of active transport of mineral salts.

3. Describe the transports of mineral by ion exchange.

4. Write notes on the cytochrome-pump hypothesis of mineral salt transport.

5. Describe the ringing experiment to demonstrate translocation of solutes.

Ten Marks

1. Write an essay on the theories of mineral salt absorption.

2. Describe the Nitrogen cycle.

Explain biological Nitrogen fixation.

Two Marks

Define

Epinasty / Circumnutation / Photonasty / Thermonasty / Plagiogeotropism

Five marks

1. Describe autonomous movements of locomotion.

2. What are the paratonic locomotory movements.

3. Explain the spontaneous growth movements.

4. Give an account of geotropism in aerial shoots.

5. Describe an experiment to demonstrate phototropism.

6. Differentiate between tropic and nastic movements.

Ten marks

1. Write an essay on movements of locomotion.

2. Describe the turgor movements in detail.

UNIT VI. REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY

Two Marks

7.21 What is grafting?

7.22 What is a bulbil?

7.23 Differentiate between stolon and sucker.

7.24 Why is grafting not possible in monocot plants?

Five Marks

1. Discuss the significance of vegetative propagation

2. What is vegetative propagation?

Ten Marks

1. Give a brief account of vegetative propagation

Describe different means of natural vegetative propagation.

Two Marks

1. Define totipotency.

2. What is Micropropagation?

Ten Marks

Write an essay on Micropropagation.

III. Two Marks

1. What do you mean by hydrophily?

2. Name different types of pollination.

3. Give the characteristics of insect pollinated flowers.

4. Name two plants which are

a. Wind Pollinated b. Water Pollinated c. Insect Pollinated

Five Marks

1. Give the characters of wind pollinated flowers.

2. Write short note on: Pollination in Calotropis.

3. What is entomophily? Describe the features of entomophilous flowers.

Ten Marks

Give an account of different types of pollination found in Angiosperms.

Two marks

Write notes an

1. Endothecium

2. Middle layer

3. Tapetum

4. Germpore

5. Megasporangium

6. Anatropous ovule

Circinotropous ovule

Five Marks

1. Explain the wall layers of a mature anther

2. Explain the structure of a mature pollen grain.

3. Give an account of megasporogenesis.

4. Explain the structure of a mature embryosac.

Ten Marks

1. Describe the development of microsporangium till the formation of microspores.

2. Give an account of the development of male gametophyte.

3. Trace the development of megasporangium upto the maturation of embryosac.

4. Explain the structure of mature ovule of angiosperms.

Explain the different types of ovules.

Fll in the blanks

1 Double triple fusion. What is the product of this process?

2. What is double fertilization?

Ten Marks

Describe the process of endosperm and embryo formation in flowering plants.

Five Marks

1. What is parthenogenesis? How it can be induced?

2. Give an account of parthenocarpy

Ten Marks

1. Trace the development of dicot embryo

Two Marks

1. What is meant by tegmen?

2. What is cotyledon?

Five Marks

Differentiate dicot seed from monocot seed.

Two Marks

1. What is funicle?

2. What is hypocotyl?

3. Define epicotyle.

Five Marks

1. Write the difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination.

Ten Marks

1. Describe the epigeal type of seed germination.

Describe the hypogeal of seed germination.

Two Marks

1. Define senescence in plants.

2. What are the four kinds of senescence?

3. What is the significance of senescence in the life of a plant?

4. What is abscission?

Five Marks

1. Describe various types of senescence

Ten Marks

Describe the anatomical and biochemical changes taking place during abscission of a leaf.

UNIT VII. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Two marks

1. Write short note on soil water.

2. What is symbiosis?

3. What are Mycorrhizae?

4. What are lichens?

5. What is competition?

Five marks

1. Describe the effects of edaphic factors on the living organisms.

Give an account of the effect of light and temperature on the plants.

Two marks

9.40 What are hydrophytes?

9.41 What are the three ecological groups of plants?

9.42 Define : Xerophytes

Five marks

1. List out the different kinds of hydrophytes with examples.

2. Explain the basis for the classification of xerophytes.

Ten marks

List out the adaptations of xerophytes with suitable examples.

Two Marks

1. Define conservation?

2. How do forests protect the environment?

3. What is meant by resources?

4. What are the main sources of energy in the world today?

Five Marks

1. What steps would you suggest for the conservation of forests?

2. What is the economic importance of forest?

3. What is a natural resource? Give an account of different types of natural resources?

4. What are the objectives of conservation of natural resources?

5. Give an account of non-conventional energy sources.

6. Explain seepage pit construction method.

Ten Marks

Describe the methods of harvesting rain water.

Two Marks

1. What is a food chain?

2. What is a food web?

3. Give an account of decomposition.

4. What is meant by nutrient cycle?

Five Marks

1. Give an account of productivity in ecosystem.

2. Explain the different types of food chains with example.

3. What is a biome? Explain with an example.

Ten Marks

1. Write an essay on structure of ecosystem.

2. Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem.

Write an essay on ecological pyramids

Five marks

1. Define phytoplankton

2. Define Reed-Swamp stage

Ten Marks

1. Explain the various stages of hydrosere.

2. Explain the various stages of xerosere.

What is Ecological succession? Explain.

BOTANY

HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEAR

SYLLABUS : HIGHER SECONDARY

- FIRST YEAR - BOTANY

Unit 1 : Biodiversity (20 hours)

Systematics : Two Kingdom and Five Kingdom Systems - Salient features of various Plant Groups (Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms) - Viruses - Bacteria - Algae : Spirogyra - Fungi : Mucor - Bryophyta : Riccia - Pteridophyta : Nephrolepsis - Gymnosperms : Cycas.

Unit 2 : Cell Biology (20 hours)

Cells as the basic Unit of Life - Cell Theory - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells (Plant Cell) - Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM & SEM) - Ultra Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells - Cell Wall - Cell Membrane (Fluid Mosaic Model) Membrane Transport Model - Cell Organelles : Nucleus, Mitochondria, Plastid, Ribosomes - Cell Divisions : Amitosis, Mitosis and Meiosis and their significance.

Unit 3 : Plant Morphology (10 hours)

Structure and modifications of Root, Stem and Leaf - Structure and types of Inflorescences - Structure and types of flowers, fruits and seeds

Unit 4 : Genetics (10 hours)

Concept of Heredity and Variations - Mendel's Laws of Inheritance - Chromosomal basis of Inheritance - Intermediate Inheritance (incomplete Dominance) - Epistasis

Unit 5 : Plant Physiology (30 hours)

Cell as physiological unit - Properties of Protoplasm - Water relations - Absorption and movement - Diffusion, Osmosis, Plasmolysis - Theories of Water Transport - Root pressure - Transpiration pull - Factors affecting rate of Transpiration - Mechanism of Stomatal opening and closing - Potassium ion theory - Factors affecting Stomatal movement - Functions of Minerals - Essential major elements and trace elements - Deficiency symptoms of elements - Theories of Translocation - Translocation of Solutes - Nitrogen Metabolism and Biological Nitrogen Fixation Movements - Geotropism - Phototropism - Turgor Growth Movements - Tropic - Nastic & Nutation.

Unit 6 : Reproduction Biology (30 hours)

Modes of Reproduction in Angiosperms - Vegetative propagation (natural and artificial) - Micropropagation - Sexual Reproduction - Pollination : types - Double fertilization - Development of male and female gametophytes - Development of Dicot Embryo - Parthenogenesis and Parthenocarpy - Germination of Seeds - Parts of Seed - Types of Germination - Abscission & Senescence.

Unit 7 : Environmental Biology (20 hours)

Organisms and environment as factors : Air, Water, Soil, Temperature, Light and Biota - Hydrophytes, Mesophytes, Xerophytes and their adaptations - Natural Resources Types, use and misuse - Conservation of water (RWH) - Ecosystems:

(a) Structure & Function, (b) Energy flow, (c) Decomposition, (d) Nutrient Cycling,

(e) Major Biomes, Forests - Grasslands, Deserts - Ecological Succession : Mechanism & Types (Hydrosere & Xerosere).

Unit 8 : Practical Work (30 periods)

1. Study of the following plants through specimens and slides and labelled sketches in the Botany Record Book

16. Spirogyra

17. Mucor

18. Riccia

19. Neprolepsis

20. Cycas

2. Study of the plant cells

Onion peel : Observe in the microscope and draw labelled sketches

Hydrilla leaves whole mount in pond water : observe and draw labelled sketches

Squash preparation of onion root tip : Observe stages of Mitosis and draw labelled sketches

3. Study of modifications of stem and root and draw labelled sketches

Undderground root modifications : Radish, Carrot, Beet-root

Aerial roots : Banyan Prop Roots - Climbiung Root of piper betel

Underground stem modifications : Potato, Ginger, Onion, Yams

4. Flower : Structure, Vertical Section, Floral Diagram and Floral Form of the following

Hibiscus

Datura

5. Physiology Experiments

1. Transpiration

a. Transpiration pull

b. Ganong's Potometer

2. Osmosis

a. Osmometer - using semipermeable plant memabrane

b. Potato Osmometer

3. Root Pressure : Experiment to demonstrate root pressure in Dicots

6. Germination of Seeds

Hypogeal type

Epigeal type (students to do project work)

7. Hydrophytes & Xerophytes

To study the specimens and write to note

Hydrophytes : Hydrilla / Vallisneria, Eichhornia, Pistia

Xerophytes : Opuntia, Euphorbia tirucalli, E. antiquorum, Aloe, Nerium.

UNIT I. BIODIVERSITY

UNIT II. CELL BIOLOGY

UNIT III. PLANT MORPHOLOGY

UNIT IV. GENETICS

UNIT V. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT VI. REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY

UNIT VII. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

List of Department

Wednesday 30 March 2016

11 th Std Class Botany - Importance questions with Answer Key

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