Therithal - Important questions with answers: 12 th Std Class Botany

Wednesday 30 March 2016

12 th Std Class Botany - Importance questions with Answer Key

12 th Std Class Botany - Importance questions with Answer Key

UNIT 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

UNIT 2. PLANT ANATOMY

UNIT 3. CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

UNIT 4. BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT 5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT 6. BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

UNIT 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Artificial system of classification of plants was proposed by a

a. British botanist b. Swedish botanist

c. German botanist d. Indian botanist

2. Which of the following classification is a sexual system of classification?

a. Artificial system b. Natural system

c. Phylogenetic system d. Natural selection

3. The botanist who introduced binomial system is

a. Carolus Linnaeus b. Gaspard Bauhin

c. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker d. Adolf Engler

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

4. What are the defects of artificial system of classification of plants?

5. Define biosystematics.

6. What is Binomial nomenclature?

7. Write the objectives of classification of plants.

8. What are the aims of biosystematics.

9. How is ICBN evolved?

10. What is called nomen ambiguum?

11. Define tautonym. Give an example.

12. Define Herbarium.

13. Write precautions to be taken in preserving specimens in herbarium.

14. What is called author citation? Give an example.

15. What is a type specimen?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words

16. Write any five salient features of ICBN.

17. Bring out the significance of herbarium.

18. Define biosystematics. Briefly write a note on it.

19. What are the types of classification of plants? Add note on each type.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Genera plantarum of Bentham and Hooker was published in

a. a single volume b. two volumes

c. three volumes d. four volumes

2. In Bentham and Hooker classification of plants, the present day

‘orders’ were referred to by them as

a. series b. cohorts

c. orders d. families

3. Plants having flowers with free petals are placed under

a. Monochlamydeae b. Monocotyledons

c. Gamopetalae d. Polypetalae

4. Inferae includes

a. 6 orders and 34 families b. 4 orders and 23 families

c. 3 orders and 9 families d. 5 orders and 27 families

5. How many families were described by Bentham and Hooker in

their classification?

a. 204 b. 212

c. 202 d. 102

6. In Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants, the present by “families” were referred to by them as

a. families b. cohorts

c. orders d. series

7. Thalamiflorae includes

a. 4 orders and 23 families b. 6 orders and 34 families

c. 5 orders and 27 families d. 3 orders and 12 families

8. Which one of the following series includes the epigynous flowers?

a. Thalamiflorae b. Disciflorae

c. Inferae d. Heteromerae

9. The family included under the series Unisexuales is

a. Solanaceae b. Euphorbiaceae

c. Malvaceae d. Musaceae

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

10. Write the countries which still follow the Bentham and Hooker’s

classification of plants.

11. What are the three classes of phanerogams?

12. Write the families of gymnospermae as in Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants.

13. What is polypetalae?

14. Write short notes on monochlamydeae.

15. Briefly mention the systematic position of Laurineae.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

16. Bring out the merits of Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

17. Discuss the outline of Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Thespesia populnea belongs to

a. Solanaceae b. Euphorbiaceae

c. Malvaceae d. Musaceae

2. Malvaceae is placed in the series

a. Thalamiflorae b. Inferae

c. Heteromerae d. Disciflorae

3. Anthers are monothecous in

a. Solanaceae b. Euphorbiaceae

c. Malvaceae d. Musaceae

4. In Abelmoschus esculentus, the fruit is

a. drupe b. schizocarp

c. regma d. loculicidal capsule

5. Binomial of lady’s finger is

a. Hibiscus cannabinus b. Thespesia populnea

c. Gossypium barbadense d. Abelmoschus esculentus

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

6. Mention the systematic position of Malvaceae.

7. Write a note on androecium of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

8. Describe the gynoecium of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

9. Name any three fibre plants of Malvaceae.

10. Mention the binomial of any three medicinal plants of Malvaceae.

11. Write any three binomials of food plants of Malvaceae.

12. Draw the floral diagram and write the floral formula of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

13. What is epicalyx? It is present in Abutilon indicum?

III. Answer the following questions in 100 words.

14. Give a detailed account on economic importance of Malvaceae.

IV. Answer the following question in about 200 words.

15. Describe Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in botanical terms.

16. List out characteristic features of members of Malvaceae.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Pongamia glabra is a

a. herb b. shrub

c. tree d. climber

2. Aeschynomene aspera is a

a. xerophyte b. hydrophyte

c. mesophyte d. lithophyte

3. The binomial of groundnut plant is

a. Arachis hypogea b. Pongamia glabra

c. Dalbergia latifolia d. Vigna mungo

4. The fruit of the members of Fabaceae is

a. berry b. drupe

c. legume d. caryopsis.

5. The type of placentation seen in the members of Fabaceae is

a. axile b. basal

c. parietal d. marginal

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

Write the systematic position of Fabaceae.

7. What is papilionaceous corolla?

8. What is vexillum?

9. Describe the gynoecium of Clitoria ternatea.

10. What is pulvinus?

11. Write any two binomials of dye plant of Fabaceae.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

12. Add a note on economic importance of Fabaceae.

13. Briefly explain different types of androecium of members of Fabaceae.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

14. Describe Clitoria ternatea in botanical terms.

15. Describe the general characteristic features of Fabaceae.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Rubiaceae is placed under the series

a. Inferae b. Heteromerae

c. Bicarpellatae d. Unisexuales

2. The phyllotaxy in Ixora coccinea is

a. alternate b. opposite decussate

c. whorled d. spiral

3. In Ixora coccinea, the stamens are

a. monadelphous b. syngenesious

c. epipetalous d. diadelphous

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

4. Write a note on epipetalous stamen.

5. Write the binomial of any two dye plants of Rubiaceae.

6. Write the systematic position of Rubiaceae.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

7. Draw floral diagram of Ixora coccinea and write floral formula

8. Give a brief account on economic importance of Rubiaceae.

9. Describe the essential components of Ixora coccinea.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

10. Describe Ixora coccinea in botanical terms.

11. Write the general characteristic features of Rubiaceae.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Vernonia arborea is a

a. herb b. shrub

c. tree d. twiner

2. The head is reduced to single flower in

a. Echinops b. Launaea

c. Chrysanthemum d. Dahlia.

3. Homogamous head inflorescence is found in

a. Echinops b. Launaea

c. Helianthus d. Tridax.

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

4. What is syngenesious stamen?

5. Write the floral formulae for ray and disc florets of Asteraceae.

6. What is pappus?

7. What is santonin?

8. What is pyrethrum?

9. Describe the gynoecium of Tridax procumbens.

10. Write the systematic position of Asteraceae.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

11. Write the differences between ray and disc florest.

12. Give a brief account on the economic importance of Asteraceae.

13. Describe ray florets of Tridax procumbens.

14. Give an account on head inflorescence.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

15. Describe Tridax procumbens in botanical terms.

16. Write the general characteristic features of Asteraceae.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Solanaceae is placed under

a. Malvales b. Polemoniales

c. Unisexuales d. Ranales.

2. In which of the following plants the midrib and veins are found

with yellowish spines

a. Solanum melongena b. Datura metal

c. Solanum xanthocarpum d. Petunia hybrida.

3. The carpels are obliquely placed in the members of

a. Malvaceae b. Solanaceae

c. Euphorbiaceae d. Musaceae

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

4. What is atropine?

5. Give the systematic position of Solanaceae.

6. Write the binomials of any three medicinally useful plants in

Solanaceae

7. Describe the gynoecium of members of Solanaceae.

8. Write the different types of inflorescence found in Solanaceae.

Give examples for each.

9. Draw the floral diagram and write the floral formula of Datura

metal.

10. Write any three binomials of food plants of Solanaceae.

11. Name the alkaloids found in tobacco.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

12. Give an account of the economic importance of the family

Solanaceae.

IV. Answer the following question in about 200 words.

13. Describe Datura metal in botanical terms.

14. Write the general characteristic features of Solanaceae.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Euphorbiaceae includes about

a. 82 genera. b. 90 genera

c. 300 genera d. 254 genera.

2. Ricinus communis is a

a. herb b. shrub

c. tree d. cladode.

3. An example of cladode is

a. Phyllanthus emblica b. Ricinus communis

c. Jatropha curcas d. Euphorbia tirucalli.

4. In Hevea brasiliensis, the leaves are

a. simple b. trifoliately compound

c. sessile d. palmately lobed.

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

5. Write the systematic position of Euphorbiaceae.

6. What is cladode? Give an example.

7. What are different types of inflorescence seen in Euphorbiaceae? Give example for each.

8. Mention the binomials of two rubber plants of Euphorbiaceae

9. Describe the inflorescence of Ricinus communis.

10. Describe the cyathium inflorescence.

11. Write different types of inflorescence seen in Euphorbiaceae. Give examples for each.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

12. Describe the male flower of Ricinus communis.

13. Describe the female flower of Ricinus communis.

14. Write a brief account on different types of inflorescences of Euphorbiaceae.

15. Write a detailed account on the economic importance of Euphorbiaceae.

IV. Answer the following question in about 200 words.

16. Describe Ricinus communis in botanical terms.

17. Give an account of the general characteristic features of Euphorbiaceae.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. “The bird of paradise flower” refers to

a. Musa paradisiaca b. Strelitzia reginae

c. Ravenala madagascariensis d. Heliconia sp.

2. The phyllotaxy in Musa is

a. alternate b. opposite

c. distichous d. spiral

3. In inflorescence in Ravenala madagascariensis is

a. compound cyme b. compound raceme

c. branched spadix d. simple raceme

4. The number of fertile stamens in Ravenala madagascariensis is

a. three b. fourc

c. five d. six

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

5. What is polygamous ? Give an example.

6. What is monocorpic perennial ? Give an example.

7. Write the systematic position of Musaceae.

8. Explain the gynoecium of Musa paradisiaca,.

9. Draw the floral diagram of bisexual flower of Musa paradisiaca and

write floral formula.

10. What is pseudostem? How is it formed in Musa paradisiaca ?

11. List out the economic importance of Musa paradisiaca.

III. Answer the following in about 100 words.

12. Write the differences between Musa and Ravenala.

13. Describe the androecium and gynoecium of Musa paradisiaca.

14. Write the economic importance of members of Musaceae.

IV. Answer the following questions in 200 words.

15. Describe Musa paradisiaca in technical terms.

16. Write the general characteristic features of Musaceae.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Arecaceae is placed under the series

a. Unisexuales b. Polemoniales

c. Multiovulatae aquatica d. Calycinae

2. Arecaceae includes

a. 217 genera b. 482 genera

c. 500 genera d. 900 genera.

3. Borassus flabellifer is the binomial of

a. coconut tree b. wine palm

c. royal palm d. palmyra palm.

4. In Corypha umbraculifera, the spadix measures about

a. two metres b. five metres

c. eight metres d. ten metres.

II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

5. Write the systematic position of Arecaceae.

6. Describe the gynoecium of Cocos nucifera.

7. Write the floral formula of male and female flower of Cocos nucifera.

8. What is a ‘toddy’ ? State its uses.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

9. Write a brief account on the economic importance of Arecaceae.

10. Draw the floral diagrams of Cocos nucifera and write their floral formulae.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

11. Describe Cocos nucifera in botanical terms.

12. Write the general characteristic features of Arecaceae

UNIT 2. PLANT ANATOMY

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. The change from meristematic tissue to permanent tissue is called

a. differentiation. b. self perpetuating

c. photosynthesis. d. cell division.

2. The type of tissue presents in the petioles of banana and Canna, is

a. stellate parenchyma b. prosenchyma

c. aerenchyma d. chlorenchyma.

3. The tissue generally present in all organs of plant is

a. parenchyma b. chlorenchyma

c. collenchyma d. sclerenchyma

4. The lamellar collenchyma is seen in the hypodermis of

a. Datura b. Helianthus

c. Ipomoea d. Nicotiana

5. The root hairs are produced from

a. rhizodermis b. trichomes

c. accessory cells d. trichoblasts

6. The osteosclereids are seen in

a. seed coat of Crotalaria b. see coat of Pisum

c. pulp of Pyrus d. petioles of banana

7. Bicollateral vascular bundles are seen in the members of

a. Malvaceae b. Musaceae

c. Solanaceae d. Cucurbitaceae

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

8. Define plant anatomy.

9. Define a tissue.

10. What is differentiation?

11. What is an aerenchyma? State its function.

12. What are called macrosclereids? Give an example.

13. What is called callose?

14. What are called trichoblasts?

15. What are called guard cells?

16. What is a meristematic tissue?

17. What are called lateral meristems?

18. Define a permanent tissue.

19. What are the types of simple tissues and complex tissues?

20. What is a stellate parenchyma?

21. What is a chlorenchyma?

22. Differentiate angular collenchyma from lacunate collenchyma.

23. Differentiate sclereids from fibres.

24. What are brachy sclereids?

25. What are surface fibres?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

26. Bring out the characters of meristematic cells.

27. Explain different types of meristems based on their positions.

28. Write short notes on tracheids.

29. Write short notes on vessels.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

30. Write an essay on the location, structure and functions of parenchyma.

31. Describe the location, structure and functions of collenchyma.

32. Give an account on sclerenchyma.

33. Write an essay on xylem tissues.

34. Describe the four kinds of cells found in phloem tissues.

35. Write an essay on the epidermal tissue system.

36. Describe the vascular tissue system.

37. Describe ground tissue system.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. The root hairs originate from

a. trichoblasts b. endodermis

c. hypodermis d. pericycle.

2. The Casparian strips are found in the endodermis of

a. dicot stem b. dicot root

c. monocot stem d. dicot leaf.

3. The passage cells are found in endodermis of

a. dicot stem b. monocot stem

c. dicot root d. dicot leaf.

4. The polyarch condition is found in

a. monocot leaf b. dicot leaf

c. dicot stem d. monocot root

5. The inner most layer of the cortex is

a. epidermis b. hypodermis

c. endodermis d. pericycle

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

6. What are called casparian strips?

7. What are called passage cells?

8. What is a rhizodermis?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

9. Draw and label the parts of transverse section of monocot root.

10. Draw the transverse section of dicot root and label the parts.

11. Distinguish the anatomy of dicot roots from monocot roots.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

12. Describe the primary structure of a dicot root.

13. Describe the primary structure of a monocot root.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. The vascular bundle with protoxylem facing centre of the stem is

a. exarch b. endarch

c. tetrarch d. polyarch

2. When the xylem and the phloem lie in the same radius, the vascular bundle is called

a. conjoint b. radial

c. open d. closed.

3. The vascular bundles are skull shaped in

a. dicot root b. monocot root

c. dicot stem d. monocot stem.

4 The protoxylem lacuna is present in the vascular bundles of

a. dicot root b. monocot root

c. dicot stem d. monocot stem

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

5. What is a hypodermis?

6. What is a protoxylem lacuna?

7. What is an eustele?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

8. What is the nature of the vascular bundles in monocot stem?

9. Write short notes on the cortex in dicot stem.

10. Write short notes on the vascular bundles of the dicot stem.

11. Differentiate the vascular bundles of the dicot stem from that of monocot stem.

12. Draw and label the parts of a T.S. of a dicot stem.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

13. Write anatomical differences between dicot stem and monocot stem.

14. Describe the primary structure of a monocot stem.

15. Describe the primary structure of a dicot stem

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Isobilateral leaf is present in

a. grass b. Cucurbita

c. sunflower d. bean

2. The vascular bundle in the leaf is

a. collateral and open b. collateral and closed.

c. bicollateral and open d. collateral and exarch

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

3. What is a dorsiventral leaf? Give an example.

4. What is an isobilateral leaf? Give an example.

5. What is a mesophyll?

6. What are stomata?

7. What are guard cells?

8. What are the functions of stomata?

9. Differentiate palisade parenchyma from spongy parenchyma.

10. What is a respiratory cavity or sub-stomatal cavity?

11. What is a bundle sheath or border parenchyma in a leaf?

12. What are the functions of veins in a leaf?

13. What are bulliform cells?

14. What are silica cells?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

15. Write short notes on the epidermis of a dicot leaf.

16. Write short notes on the vascular tissues of a dicot leaf.

17. Write short notes on the mesophyll of a dicot leaf.

18. Draw and label the parts of a T.S. of a dicot leaf.

19. Draw and label the parts of a T.S. of a monocot leaf.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

20. Describe the internal structure of a dicot leaf.

21. Describe the internal structure of a monocot leaf.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Vascular cambium is a

a. apical meristem

b. intercalary meristem

c. lateral meristem

d. promeristem

2. The cambium which remains between the xylem and the phloem in the

vascular bundles is called

a. fascicular cambium

b. interfascicular cambium

c. cork cambium

d. phellem

3. The cells of the vascular cambial ring which are cut off towards the

outer side get differentiated into

a. primary xylem

b. primary phloem

c. secondary xylem

d. secondary phloem

4. The protective layer developed during the secondary growth of the

stem is called

a. epidermis

b. periderm

c. rhizodermis

d. phellogen

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

5. What is called a secondary growth?

6. What is an interfascicular cambium?

7. What tissues are together called a periderm?

8. What are complementary cells?

9. What are tyloses?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

10. Write short notes on lenticels.

11. Write short notes on annual rings.

12. Write short notes on tyloses.

13. Write short notes on sap wood and heart wood.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

14. Describe the secondary growth in dicot stem. Ground plan or a sector enlarged is to be drawn, no need to draw both the diagrams

UNIT 3. CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. The term chromosome was introduced by

a. Bridges b.Waldeyer c. Balbiani d. Flemming

2. Who had first proved that the genes are carried by the chromosome?

a. Bridges b.Waldeyer c. Balbiani d. Flemming

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

3. What are autosomes?

4. What are sex chromosomes?

5. What are B–chromosomes?

6. What is a polytene chromosome?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

7. Write short notes on the structure of chromosomes.

8. Write short notes on the types of chromosomes.

9. Describe special types of chromosomes.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. The coupling test cross ratio is

a. 1:7:7:1 b. 7:1:1:7

c. 1:1:1:1 d. 9:3:3:1

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

2. What is linkage?

3. What is coupling?

4. What is repulsion?

5. What is crossing over?

6. What is a genetic map?

7. What are the uses of gene mapping?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

8. Write short notes on crossing over.

9. What is crossing over? Write the significance of crossing over.

10. Write short notes on gene mapping.

11. Explain the coupling aspect in Lathyrus odoratus.

12. Explain the replusive aspect in Lathyrus odoratus.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Recombination of chromosome takes place in _____ stage of

prophase I of meiosis.

a. leptotene b. zygotene

c. pachytene d. diplotene

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

2. What are tightly linked genes?

3. What are loosely linked genes?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

4. Write short notes on Recombination of chromosomes.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Hugo de Vries first used the term mutation based on his observation on

a. Sorghum b. Neurospora

c. Oenothera lamarckiana d. Cicer gigas

2. Biochemical mutants of _____ failed to synthesize certain amino acids.

a. Sorghum b. Neurospora

c. Cicer arietinum d. Cicer gigas

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

3. What is mutation?

4. What is a biochemical mutation? Give an example.

5. What is a lethal mutation? Give an example.

6. Define a gene mutation

7. What is a transition?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

8. Write short notes on gene mutation.

9. Write short notes on mutagenic agents.

10. What is the significance of mutation?

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. The gametes of Drosophila melanogaster carry

a. three chromosomes b. four chromosomes

c. seven chromosomes d. eight chromosomes

2. Nullisomy is represented by

a. 2n – 1 b. 2n + 1

c. 2n + 2 d. 2n – 2.

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

3. What is a chromosomal aberration?

4. Write in three sentences about duplication of genes in a

chromosome.

5. What is a hypoploidy? State its two types.

6. Write any three significance of ploidy.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

7. Write short notes on inversion.

8. Write the significance of ploidy.

9. Illustrate allopolyploidy with an example.

10. Explain translocation chromosomal aberration with the help of diagrams.

11. Write a detailed account on aneuploidy.

12. Write the flow chart of ploidy.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Double helix DNA model was proposed by _____

a. Watson and Crick b. O.T. Avery et al.

c. Griffith d. Stinberg

2. The width of DNA molecule is

a. 18 Å b. 20 Å

c. 34 Å d. 35 Å

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

3. What is s - strain of Diplococcus?

4. What are the empirical rules of Chargaff regarding the composition of bases in DNA?

5. Explain genetic transformation.

6. What are called Okazaki fragments?

7. How is replication fork formed in DNA strand at the time of replication?

8. What is positive supercoil? How is it released?

9. State the functions of DNA.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

10. Explain Frederick Griffith experiment on mouse.

11. Write short notes on replication of DNA.

12. Write an account on the structure of DNA.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. RNA is universally present in all organisms except in _____

a. TMV

b. bacteria

c. algae

d. DNA viruses

2. mRNA is about _____ of the RNA content of the cell

a. 10 - 20%

b. 5 - 10%

c. 3 - 5%

d. 20 - 30%

3. In bacterial cell, there are more than _____ tRNAs

a. 200

b. 70

c. 300

d. 400

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

4. What are isoacceptor tRNAs?

5. What are the four arms found in the clover leaf structure of tRNA?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

6. Write short notes on the structure of t-RNA.

7. Write the differences between DNA and RNA.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

8. Write an account on the structure of RNA and its types.

9. What is genetic code? Write its characteristics.

10. Explain the central dogma of molecular biology.

UNIT 4. BIOTECHNOLOGY

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Restriction enzymes are synthesized by

a. bacteria only

b. yeast and bacteria only

c. eukaryotic cells only

d. all kinds of cells

2. Each restriction enzyme cleaves a molecule only at

a. the ends of genes

b. methyl groups

c. nucleotide sequence

d. the time of DNA replication

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

3. Define recombinant DNA.

4. Name the enzymes involved in the making of a DNA hybrid.

5. What are restriction endonucleases?

6. What is the importance of Escherichia coli in biotechnology?

7. What is the role of restriction enzymes in bacteria?

8. Define splicing.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

9. What is a cloning vector? Why are they necessary?

10. Give an illustrated account of gene cloning.

11. What is the role of Agrobacterium for gene transfer in plants?

12. How is DNA cut?

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words

13. Write an essay on DNA recombinant technology.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. One of the following process is employed to introduce a foreign

gene into a cell

a. electrolysis b. electroporation

c. plasmid d. ligation

2.The number of transgenic plants available to-day are approximately

a. six b. two

c. twelve d. fifty

3. A toxic protein called delta endotoxin is insecticidal and it is produced by

a. Escherichia coli b. Streptomyces griseus

c. Bacillus thuringiensis d. Bacillus lactii

4. Pseudomonas putida is a engineered bacterium that can

a. produce a hormone b. produce a antibiotic

c. digest crude oil slick d. pollute the soil

III Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

5. Define biopesticides.

6. Define transgenic plants.

7. What is the importance of Agrobacterium tumefaciencs?

8. What is gene gun method of delivery of DNA?

9. Give the binomials of atleast two dicot transgenic plants.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

10. What is the role of transgenic plants in food industry?

11. Give a brief account of herbicide resistance in transgenic plants.

12. How are foreign genes introduced into the plants?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

10. What is the role of transgenic plants in food industry?

11. Give a brief account of herbicide resistance in transgenic plants.

12. How are foreign genes introduced into the plants?

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. The inherent potential of any living plant cell to develop into entire organism is called

a. differentiation b. organogenesis

c. morphogenesis d. totipotency

2. The function of cytokinin is to increase

a. cell elongation b. fruit initiation

c. cell division d. differentiation

3. By the application of tissue culture, one important product is formed

a. artificial synthetic seeds b. many seeded fruit

c. triploid endosperm d. induction of flowers

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

4. Define callus.

5. What is a somatic embryo?

6. Write a note on totipotency.

7. What is dedifferentiation?

8. Mention two media of plant tissue culture

9. What is sterilization?

10. Define inoculation.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

11. What are the major procedure for rearing callus growth?

12. Briefly mention the principles involved in plant tissue culture.

13. Write a short account of the origin of tissue culture.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

14. What are the outcomes of application of plant tissue culture?

15. Write an essay on plant tissue culture.

I .Choose and write the correct options.

1. The two protoplasts are fused with a fusogen called

a. polyethylene glycol (PEG) b. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

c. Polyethane glycol (PEG) d. Phosphoric ethane

2. Somatic hybrids are produced through

a. asexual fusion b. protoplasmic fusion

c. vegetative propagation d. grafting

3. One of the following organism is a SCP

a. Nostoc b. Rhizobium

c. Mushroom d. Spirulina

4. Enriched vitamin tablets are p e produced from the following organ ism for human consumption

a. Nostoc b. yeast

c. Mushroom d. Spirulina

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

5. Define SCP.

6. What is somatic hybridization?

7. What is a bioreactor or fermenter?

8. What is PEG?

9. How do you remove cell-wall from intact cells?

10. Why is SCP not popular for human consumptions?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

11. Give an account of SCP.

12. Explain the enzymatic method of isolation of protoplast.

13. Mention some of the practical applications of protoplasmic fusion.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

14. Explain as to how protoplasmic fusion can bring about somatic hybridization in plants.

15. What will be the role of SCP to safeguard against human protein deficiency for the future?

UNIT 5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. The term enzyme was coined by

a. Kuhne b. Fischer

c. Buchner d. Koshland

2. The lock and key theory of enzyme action was proposed by

a. Kuhne b. Fischer

c. Buchner d. Koshland

3. An example for transferase is

a. transaminase b. pyruvic carboxylase

c. histidine decarboxylase d. G-3-P dehydrogenase

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

4. What is holoenzyme?

5. Define energy of activation.

6. What is enzyme-substrate complex?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

7. Bring out the characteristics of enzymes.

8. How are enzymes classified? Explain.

9. Explain energy of activation with the help of a graph.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

10. Explain the theories on enzyme action.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Photosynthesis takes place in

a. mitochondria b. peroxisomes

c. chloroplasts d. ribosomes

2. During cyclic electron transport, which one of the following is pro duced

a. NADPH2 only b. ATP only

c. NADH2 only d. both ATP and NADPH2

3. Which one of the following is a five carbon compound?

a. fructose b. erythrose

c. ribose d. DHAP

4. Which one of the following is a C4 plant?

a. rice b. wheat

c. sugarcane d. potato

5. The essential component for the formation of chlorophyll

a. Mg b. Fe

c. Cl d. Mn

6. The pigment which is highly efficient in absorbing solar energy is

a. phycobilins b. chlorophyll

c. carotinoids d. xanthophyll

7. Which of the following bacterium oxidizes ammonia to nitrate

a. Nitrosomonas b. Rhizobium

c. Closteridium d. E. coli

8. Which of the following is a total parasite

a. Cuscuta b. Viscum

c. Drosera d. Monotropa

9. Which of the following wavelengths of light is most effective for photosynthesis

a. 100 nm to 200 nm b. 200 nm to 300 nm

c. 400 nm to 700 nm d. 700 nm to 900 nm

10. Dark respiration is the function of

a. peroxisomes b. mitochondria

c. chloroplast d. ribosomes

11. The gas evolved during photosynthesis is

a. carbondioxide b. nitrogen

c. hydrogen d. oxygen

12. Dark reaction is also known as

a. Krebs cycle b. Calvin cycle

c. pentosephosphate pathway d. photorespiration

13. C4 pathway is otherwise known as

a. EMP pathway b. Hatch-Slack pathway

c. photorespiration d. electron transport chain

14. Photorespiration is otherwise called as

a. C2 cycle b. C3 cycle

c. C4 cycle d. C5 cycle

15. An example for insectivorous plant is

a. Drosera b. Viscum

c. Monotropa d. Vanda

16. Which of the following is regarded as primary pigment?

a. Carotenoid b. Xanthophyll

c. Chlorophyll ‘a’ d. Chlorophyll ‘b’

17. The dark reactions of photosynthesis were discovered by

a. Embden and Meyer b. Melvin Calvin

c. Krebs d. Parnas

18. Which of the following is a 5C compound?

a. Glucose b. Fructose

c. Phosphoglyceric acid d. RuBP

19. In C3 plants light reactions and dark reactions occur in

a. bundle sheath cells b. mesophyll cells

c. epidermal cells d. vascular cells

20. In C3 pathway acceptor molecule of CO2 is

a. Phosphoenol pyruvate b. RuBP

c. PGA d. DHAP

21. Which of the following is not a C4 plant?

a. Maize b. Tribulus

c. Amaranthus d. Wheat

22. Vanda plant is a/an ----

a. total parasite b. partial parasite

c. epiphyte d. saprophyte

23. The reducing power produced in the light reaction is

a. NADP b. ATP

c. ADP d. NADPH2

24. Which of the following is not accessory pigments?

a. Phycobilins b. Chlorophylls

c. Carotenoids d. Xanthophylls

25. The photosynthetic pigments are located in

a. Cristae b. Cisternae

c. Thylakoid d. Stroma

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

26. What are generally called accessory pigments?

27. What is photolysis of water?

28. Define light reaction.

29. Define dark reaction.

30. State the conditions underwhich cyclic photophosphorylation occurs.

31. Write the overall equation of photosynthesis.

32. Why are chloroplasts in C4 plants called dimorphic chloroplasts?

33. Define photorespiration.

34. Write any two differences between photorespiration and dark respiration.

35. What are called total parasites?

36. Define chemosynthesis.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

37. Write short notes on site of photosynthesis.

38. Write short notes on photosynthetic electron transport system.

39. What are the differences between C3 and C4 pathway?

40. Explain the test tube and funnel experiment to demonstrate that oxygen

is evolved during photosynthesis.

41. Write short notes on Ganong’s light screen experiment.

42. Write short notes on insectivorous plant.

43. Explain the process of chemosynthesis.

44. Bring out the significance of photosynthesis.

45. Describe the structure of chloroplast.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

46. Describe the light reactions of photosynthesis (or) Explain cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.

47. Write an account on dark reactions of photosynthesis.

48. Write an essay on C4 pathway.

49. Write an essay on photorespiration or C2 cycle.

50. Write an account on the factors affecting photosynthesis.

51. Describe different modes of nutrition in angiosperms

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Which of the following is the common respiratory substrate?

a. Proteins b. Lipids

c. Carbohydrates d. Vitamins

2. The number of high energy terminal bonds present in ATP is

a. one b. two

c. three d. four

3. The first step in aerobic respiration is

a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle

c. terminal oxidation d. cyclic photophosphorylation

4. Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme a. aldolase b. enolase

c. pyruvic kinase d. hexokinase

5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved to two molecules of 3 carbon compounds by

a. aldolase b. enolase

c. pyruvic kinase d. hexokinase

6. Cisaconitic acid is converted into isocitric acid by the addition of a molecule of water. This reaction is catalyzed by

a. citric acid synthetase b. fumarase

c. malic dehydrogenase d. aconitase

7. Complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields

a. 38 ATP b. 36 ATP

c. 35 ATP d. 2 ATP

8. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid is catalysed by

a. pyruvic dehydrogenase b. pyruvic kinase

c. pyruvic mutase d. pyruvic isomerase

9. α - ketoglutaric acid is a _____ carbon compound

a. two b. three

c. four d. five

10. Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by a. aldolase b. kinase

c. mutase d. hexokinase

11. Respiratory quotient of glucose is a. zero b. unity

c. more than one d. less than one

12. One molecule of FADH2 on oxidation yields

a. one ATP b. two ATP

c. three ATP d. four ATP

13. One molecule of NADH2 on oxidation yields

a. one ATP b. two ATP

c. three ATP d. four ATP

14. Formation of ATP during electron transport chain is known as

a. dephosphorylation b. phtophosphorylation

c. oxidative phosphorylation d. substrate level phosphorylation

15. Which of the following is referred to as EMP pathway?

a. Glycolysis b. Krebs cycle

c. Electron transport chain d. Pentose phosphate pathway

16. The total amount of energy released from one molecule of glucose

on oxidation is about

a. 1600 kJ b. 2300 kJ

c. 2500 kJ d. 2900 kJ

17. Which of the following is a 5C compound?

a. Phosphoglyceraldehyde b. Erythrosephosphate

c. Xylulose phosphate d. Sedoheptulose phosphate

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

18. Define respiration.

19. What is glycolysis?

20. Write the overall reaction of glycolysis.

21. What is the function of aldolase in the process of glycolysis?

22. What is Krebs cycle?

23. What is the role of aconitase in Krebs cycle?

24. What is oxidative phosphorylation?

25. Explain anaerobic respiration?

26. Define respiratory quotient.

27. The respiratory quotient for anaerobic respiration is infinity. Give reasons.

28. What is fermentation?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

29. Write short notes on electron transport chain.

30. Explain Ganong’s respiroscope experiment.

31. Write the significance of pentose phosphate pathway.

32. Write short notes on anaerobic respiration.

33. Explain respiratory quotient for carbohydrate, organic acid and fatty acid.

34. What is compensation point? Explain.

35. What is fermentation? Explain.

36. Explain oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid.

37. Draw the overall representation of respiration.

38. Write short notes on energy yield from one molecule of glucose on complete oxidation.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

39. Write an account on glycolysis.

40. Describe the sequences of reactions of Krebs cycle.

41. Explain pentose phosphate pathway

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Which one of the following plant hormones was first discovered?

a. Auxin b. Gibberellin

c. Cytokinin d. Ethylene

2. An example for synthetic auxin is

a. IAA b. PAA

c. ABA d. NAA

3. Apical dominance is due to

a. ethylene b. auxin

c. gibberellin d. cytokinin

4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caused by

a. abscissic acid b. phenyl acetic acid

c. naphthelene acetic acid d. gibberellic acid

5. In sigmoid curve the rapid growth phase is designated as

a. lag phase b. log phase

c. dormant phase d. steady state phate

6. Auxin prevents

a. apical dominance b. ageing process

c. parthinocarpy d. abscission

7. “Foolish seedling” disease of rice is caused by

a. auxin b. gibbrellins

c. cytokinin d. abscisic acid

8. Closure of stomata is caused by

a. auxin b. gibbrellins

c. cytokinin d. abscisic acid

9. The chemical used in the field to eradicate weeds is

a. 2, 4 - D b. IAA

c. ABA d. urea

10. Abscission is prevented by

a. Auxin b. Gibberellin

c. Cytokinin d. Ethylene

11. Which of the following is a gaseous hormone?

a. Kinetin b. Zeatin

c. Auxin d. Ethylene

12. Which of the following is natural auxin found in higher plants?

a. I.A.A. b. 2, 4-D

c. GA d. Zeatin

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

13. What is a growth inhibitor? Give an example.

14. Write any two physiological effects of abscisic acid.

15. What is Richmond Lang effect?

16. Define Bolting.

17. What is apical dominance?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

20. Explain the experiment to measure the actual longitudinal growth of plant by lever auxonometer.

21. Bring out the physiological effects of auxin.

22. Write the physiological effects of gibberellin.

23. Write short notes on physiological effects of cytokinin.

24. What are the physiological effects of ethylene.

25. Explain the different phases of growth with sigmoid curve.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

26. Write an essay on auxins and gibberellins with their physiological effects

27. Write an account on cytokinin, ethylene and abscisic acid with their physiological effects.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. The response of a plant to the relative lengths of light and dark

periods is known as

a. vernalization b. photorespiration

c. photosynthesis d. photoperiodism

2. Photoperiodic response in flowering was first observed in

a. wheat b. Maryland Mammoth

c. Oats d. Chrysanthemum

3. Which of the following is a short day plant?

a. wheat b. tobacco

c. sunflower d. maize

4. Which of the following is a long day plant?

a. tobacco b. sunflower

c. maize d. wheat

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

5. Define photoperiodism.

6. What are called long day plants?

7. What is a short day plant?

8. Define vernalization.

9. Write about the techniques of vernalization.

10. What is devernalization?

11. Write any two advantages of vernalization.

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

12. Write short notes on phytochromes and flowering.

13. Write short notes on vernalization.

IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

14. Write an account on photoperiodism and vernalization

UNIT 6. BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Which pathogen causes the blast disease of rice?

a. Cercospora personata b. Pyricularia oryzae

c. Xanthomonas citri d. Tungro virus

2. What is the collateral host plant of Pyricularia oryzae?

a. Oryza sativa b. Digitaria marginata

c. Arachis hypogea d. Citrus plant

3. Which pathogen causes Tikka disease of groundnut?

a. Cercospora personata b. Pyricularia oryzae

c. Xanthomonas citri d. Tungro virus

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

4. What are mutagens?

5. What is genetic engineering?

6. Define biofertilizer.

7. What is bioinsecticide?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

8. Explain somatic hybridization.

9. What is disease resistance and disease resistant varieties?

10. Add a note on Plant introduction.

11. Explain polyploid breeding.

12. Give an account of Mycorrhiza.

13. Write the aims of plant breeding.

14. How is genetic engineering employed as a tool in modern crop improvements?

15. How are crops improved through selection, polyploid breeding and mutation breeding?

16. Write detailed account on biofertilizers.

17. ‘Sustainable agriculture is an eco-friendly farming system’ - Discuss.

I . Choose and write the correct options.

1. Acalyphine is extracted from

a. Acalypha indica b. Aegle marmelos

c. Cissus quadrangularis d. Mimosa pudica

2. Binomial of ‘vilvum’ is

a. Acalypha indica b. Aegle marmelos

c. Cissus quadrangularis d. Mimosa pudica

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

3. Define biomedicine.

4. Write the medicinal value of Aegle marmelos.

5. Write the medicinal uses of Solanum nigrum.

6. What is humulin?

III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words.

7. Write short notes on microbes in medicine.

8. Bring out the economic importance of teak.

9. Write a brief account on groundnut.

10. Write the economic importance of rice.

BOTANY

Higher Secondary Second Year

SYLLABUS (140 periods)

UNIT - 1 Taxonomy of Angiosperms (20 periods)

Types of classifications - artificial - natural - phylogenetic. Biosystematics - binomial nomenclature - herbarium and its uses. Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants - families - Malvaceae - Fabaceae - Rubiaceae – Asteraceae - Solanaceae - Euphorbiaceae - Musaceae -Arecaceae and their Economic importance.

UNIT – 2 Plant anatomy (15 periods)

Tissue and tissue systems - anatomy of monocot and dicot roots – anatomy of monocot and dicot stems - anatomy of dicot and monocot leaves- Secondary growth in dicot stem.

UNIT – 3 Cell biology and genetics (25 periods)

Chromosomes - structure and types - genes and genomes - linkage and crossing over - gene mapping - recombination of chromosomes - mutation - chromosomal aberrations - DNA as genetic material - structure of DNA – replication of DNA - structure of RNA and its types - role of RNA in protein synthesis - Genetic code - transcription - translation.

UNIT – 4 Biotechnology (30 periods)

Recombinant DNA technology - transgenic plants and microbes - plant tissue culture and its application - protoplasmic fusion - single cell protein.

UNIT – 5 Plant physiology (30 periods)

Enzymes - classification - properties - mechanism and action. Photosynthesis – significance – site of photosynthesis – photochemical and biosynthetic phases – electron transport system – cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation – C3 and C4 pathways – photorespiration – factors affecting photosynthesis – mode of nutrition – autotrophic – heterotrophic – saprophytic – parasitic and insectivorous plants – chemosynthesis – respiration – mechanism of glycolysis – Krebs cycle –

pentose phosphate pathway – anaerobic respiration – respiratory quotient – compensation point – fermentation. Plant growth – growth regulators – phytohormones – auxins – gibberellins – cytokinins – ethylene and abscisic acid. Photoperiodism and vernalization.

UNIT – 6 Biology in human welfare (20 periods)

Food production – breeding experiments – improved varieties and role of biofertilizers. Crop diseases and their control – biopesticides – genetically modified food – biowar – biopiracy – biopatent – sustained agriculture and medicinal plants including microbes. Economic importance – food yielding (rice) – oil yielding (groundnut) – fibre yielding (cotton) and timber yielding (teak) plants.

UNIT 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

UNIT 2. PLANT ANATOMY

UNIT 3. CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

UNIT 4. BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT 5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT 6. BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

List of Department

Wednesday 30 March 2016

12 th Std Class Botany - Importance questions with Answer Key

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